Netstat Command: Display Network Connections and Statistics | Guide

The netstat command is a network statistics tool that displays active TCP connections, listening ports, routing tables, network interface statistics, and protocol statistics. Use netstat -an to view all connections and listening ports with numeric addresses, netstat -b to identify which programs are using each connection (requires administrator), and netstat -r to display the routing table. Essential for security monitoring, troubleshooting application connectivity, identifying malware, and network performance analysis.

Whether you're investigating suspicious network activity, determining which process is using a specific port, troubleshooting application connection failures, or monitoring network bandwidth utilization, netstat provides immediate visibility into your system's network state. Network administrators, security professionals, and developers rely on netstat for real-time network diagnostics and security auditing.

This comprehensive guide covers netstat syntax, all major options (-a, -n, -o, -b, -p, -r, -s, -e), practical examples for connection monitoring and security analysis, interpreting netstat output, troubleshooting network issues, and frequently asked questions. By the end, you'll confidently use netstat to monitor network activity and diagnose connectivity problems.

What Is Netstat?

Netstat (Network Statistics) is a built-in command-line utility available in Windows, Linux, macOS, and virtually all operating systems. It queries the network stack to display current network connections, port usage, routing information, and protocol statistics. In Windows, netstat runs in Command Prompt (CMD), PowerShell, and Windows Terminal on all Windows versions from Windows 2000 through Windows 11 and Windows Server editions.

Unlike ping and ipconfig which test external connectivity, netstat focuses on your local system's network state—what connections exist, which ports are listening, and what processes own each connection. This makes it invaluable for security auditing (detecting unauthorized connections), troubleshooting (why can't application bind to port?), and performance monitoring (connection counts, packet statistics).

Syntax

netstat [-a] [-b] [-e] [-f] [-n] [-o] [-p proto] [-r] [-s] [-t] [-x] [-y] [interval]

Parameters and Options

Parameter	Purpose	Use Case
-a	Display all connections and listening ports	Show everything that's listening or connected
-b	Show executable involved in creating each connection	Identify which program owns connection (requires admin)
-e	Display Ethernet statistics	View bytes sent/received, packet counts
-f	Display FQDN for foreign addresses	Show full domain names instead of IPs
-n	Display addresses and port numbers numerically	Fast output, no DNS resolution delay
-o	Display owning process ID (PID) for each connection	Identify process by PID, use with Task Manager
-p proto	Show connections for specified protocol (TCP, UDP, TCPv6, UDPv6)	Filter to specific protocol
-r	Display routing table	View network routes, gateways, interface metrics
-s	Display per-protocol statistics	View packet counts, errors, connection statistics
-t	Display current connection offload state	Show TCP chimney offload state
-x	Display NetworkDirect connections, listeners, and shared endpoints	For RDMA diagnostics
-y	Display TCP connection template for all connections	Show TCP template state
interval	Redisplay statistics every N seconds	Continuous monitoring (Ctrl+C to stop)

Parameters and Options Explained

-a – All Connections and Listening Ports

Displays all active TCP connections plus all listening TCP and UDP ports. This is the most comprehensive view of network activity.

Example:

netstat -a

Output shows:

• ESTABLISHED connections (active, communicating)
• LISTENING ports (waiting for incoming connections)
• TIME_WAIT connections (recently closed, waiting for delayed packets)
• All other TCP states and UDP endpoints

-n – Numeric Format (No Name Resolution)

Displays addresses and port numbers as numbers instead of attempting DNS resolution. Makes output much faster and avoids delays from DNS lookups.

Example:

netstat -an

Output shows:

Proto  Local Address          Foreign Address        State
TCP    0.0.0.0:80             0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING
TCP    192.168.1.105:49830    142.250.185.46:443     ESTABLISHED

-b – Show Executable Names

Displays the executable responsible for each connection or listening port. Requires administrator privileges. Critical for security auditing and identifying malware.

Example (as Administrator):

netstat -ab

Output shows:

TCP    0.0.0.0:80             0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING
[httpd.exe]
TCP    192.168.1.105:49830    142.250.185.46:443     ESTABLISHED
[chrome.exe]

-o – Show Process ID (PID)

Displays the process ID (PID) owning each connection. Use PID with Task Manager or tasklist to identify the process.

Example:

netstat -ano

Output shows:

Proto  Local Address          Foreign Address        State           PID
TCP    0.0.0.0:80             0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING       4
TCP    192.168.1.105:49830    142.250.185.46:443     ESTABLISHED     12584

Cross-reference PID with: tasklist /fi "pid eq 12584"

-p proto – Filter by Protocol

Displays connections for specified protocol only: TCP, UDP, TCPv6, or UDPv6.

Example:

netstat -p tcp
netstat -p udp

Useful when you only care about specific protocol or want to reduce output volume.

-r – Routing Table

Displays the IP routing table, showing how packets are routed to different networks.

Example:

netstat -r

Output shows:

• Network destinations
• Netmasks
• Gateway addresses
• Interface addresses
• Metrics (routing cost)

Equivalent to route print command.

-s – Protocol Statistics

Displays detailed statistics for TCP, UDP, ICMP, and IP protocols including packets sent/received, errors, retransmissions, and connection counts.

Example:

netstat -s

Output shows:

• IP: packets received/sent, forwarded, discarded
• ICMP: messages received/sent by type
• TCP: segments sent/received, retransmitted, connections established
• UDP: datagrams sent/received, errors

-e – Ethernet Statistics

Displays Ethernet interface statistics including bytes and packets sent and received.

Example:

netstat -e

Output shows:

Interface Statistics
                           Received            Sent
Bytes                   1234567890      987654321
Unicast packets            8765432        6543210
Non-unicast packets          12345          54321
Discards                         0              0
Errors                           0              0

Examples

This section covers practical netstat usage for network monitoring, security, and troubleshooting.

Example 1: View All Active Connections

Scenario: See what network connections your computer currently has open.

Command:

netstat -an

Explanation: Displays all active TCP connections and listening ports with numeric addresses. Fast output without DNS lookup delays. Shows connection states (ESTABLISHED, LISTENING, TIME_WAIT, etc.).

Example 2: Identify Which Program Uses Specific Port

Scenario: You want to run a web server on port 80 but get "address already in use" error. Need to find what's using port 80.

Command (as Administrator):

netstat -ano | findstr :80

Explanation: Filters output to show only connections involving port 80, including PID. Then use tasklist /fi "pid eq [PID]" to get program name, or look up PID in Task Manager.

Example 3: Security Audit—Show All Programs with Network Connections

Scenario: Check what programs currently have network connections for security audit.

Command (as Administrator):

netstat -ab

Explanation: Shows executable name for each connection. Review for unexpected or suspicious programs. Malware often creates network connections; this command reveals them.

Example 4: Monitor Listening Ports

Scenario: Verify which ports are open and listening for incoming connections on your system.

Command:

netstat -an | findstr LISTENING

Explanation: Filters to show only LISTENING state connections. Reveals all ports accepting incoming connections. Important for security—minimize listening ports to reduce attack surface.

Example 5: Find Process Using Specific Port

Scenario: Port 8080 is in use; need to find and possibly terminate the process.

Command:

netstat -ano | findstr :8080
tasklist /fi "pid eq [PID from output]"

Explanation: First command finds PID using port 8080. Second command gets process name from PID. Terminate if needed with taskkill /PID [PID] /F.

Example 6: View Routing Table

Scenario: Troubleshoot routing issues or verify default gateway configuration.

Command:

netstat -r

Explanation: Displays complete routing table showing how packets are routed to different networks. Look for "0.0.0.0" destination (default route) pointing to your gateway. Useful when network connectivity exists but certain networks are unreachable.

Example 7: Monitor Network Statistics Over Time

Scenario: Track connection counts or packet statistics continuously.

Command:

netstat -e 5

Explanation: Redisplays Ethernet statistics every 5 seconds. Watch bytes sent/received to monitor bandwidth usage. Press Ctrl+C to stop. Useful for identifying traffic spikes or bandwidth consumption patterns.

Example 8: Display TCP Statistics

Scenario: Troubleshoot TCP performance or connection issues; need retransmission and error statistics.

Command:

netstat -s -p tcp

Explanation: Shows detailed TCP statistics including segments sent/received, retransmissions, connection failures, and resets. High retransmission rate indicates network congestion or packet loss.

Example 9: Check for Established Connections Only

Scenario: See only active, communicating connections, excluding listening ports.

Command:

netstat -an | findstr ESTABLISHED

Explanation: Filters to show only ESTABLISHED connections (actively exchanging data). Useful for seeing what your system is currently communicating with.

Example 10: Export Connection Status to File

Scenario: Document network state for troubleshooting or security audit.

Command:

netstat -ano > C:\network-connections.txt

Explanation: Redirects output to file for later analysis or sharing with support. Include timestamp: netstat -ano > C:\netstat-%date:~-4,4%%date:~-10,2%%date:~-7,2%.txt.

Common Use Cases

Netstat serves diverse network administration, security, and troubleshooting scenarios:

• Port Conflict Resolution – When application fails to start with "address already in use" error, use netstat -ano to find which process is using the port. Identify PID, locate process in Task Manager, and terminate or reconfigure conflicting service.

• Malware Detection – Malware often establishes outbound connections to command-and-control servers. Run netstat -ab as administrator to see which executables have network connections. Investigate unfamiliar programs or connections to suspicious IPs.

• Application Connection Troubleshooting – When application fails to connect to server, use netstat -an to verify connection attempt appears in output. Check state: ESTABLISHED = working, SYN_SENT = waiting for server response, no entry = connection not initiated (firewall or application issue).

• Security Audit of Listening Ports – Regularly run netstat -an | findstr LISTENING to inventory open ports. Minimize listening services to reduce attack surface. Unexpected listening ports may indicate malware or misconfiguration.

• Bandwidth Monitoring – Use netstat -e 5 to monitor bytes sent/received every 5 seconds. Helps identify bandwidth-consuming processes or unusual traffic patterns. Calculate rate by comparing successive readings.

• Connection State Monitoring – Monitor TIME_WAIT connections to diagnose port exhaustion issues. Excessive TIME_WAIT states indicate rapid connection cycling. Use netstat -an | findstr TIME_WAIT | find /c /v "" to count TIME_WAIT connections.

• Routing Verification – Use netstat -r to verify routing table correctness after VPN connections, network configuration changes, or when specific networks are unreachable. Confirm default route and specific network routes exist.

• Network Performance Diagnostics – Run netstat -s to see protocol statistics. High TCP retransmission counts indicate network congestion or packet loss. High error counts suggest hardware or driver issues.

• Process-to-Connection Mapping – Combine netstat -o with Task Manager or tasklist to identify which processes own which connections. Essential for troubleshooting application network issues or identifying rogue processes.

• Server Health Monitoring – On servers, use netstat -an to monitor connection counts to specific ports (web server port 80/443, database port 3306/1433). High connection counts may indicate load issues or potential DDoS attacks.

• VPN Troubleshooting – After VPN connection, use netstat -r to verify VPN routes are added correctly. Check that traffic to target networks routes through VPN interface rather than default gateway.

• Firewall Rule Verification – Use netstat -an to test if firewall rules permit expected connections. If connection should exist but doesn't appear in netstat, firewall may be blocking. If unwanted connection appears, firewall rules need tightening.

Tips and Best Practices

Master these netstat techniques for effective network monitoring and diagnostics:

• Always Combine -a and -n for Comprehensive Fast Output – netstat -an is the most commonly used combination. Shows everything without slow DNS lookups. Add -o for PID: netstat -ano is even more useful for process identification.

• Run as Administrator for -b Switch – Executable name display with -b requires elevated privileges. Right-click Command Prompt → "Run as administrator" before running netstat -ab. Otherwise, you'll see PID but not program names.

• Use Findstr to Filter Output – Netstat output can be overwhelming. Pipe to findstr to filter: netstat -an | findstr :80 (port 80), netstat -an | findstr ESTABLISHED (only active connections), netstat -ano | findstr 192.168.1.1 (specific IP).

• Cross-Reference PID with Task Manager – When using -o switch, note the PID and open Task Manager → Details tab → locate PID in PID column. Shows full process name, command line, and allows termination. Or use tasklist /fi "pid eq [PID]".

• Understand Connection States – LISTENING = waiting for connections, ESTABLISHED = active connection, TIME_WAIT = recently closed (waiting for delayed packets), CLOSE_WAIT = remote end closed, SYN_SENT = connection attempt in progress. Different states indicate different scenarios.

• Monitor Continuously with Interval Parameter – Add number to end: netstat -an 5 refreshes every 5 seconds. Useful for watching connection state changes, monitoring bandwidth with -e, or tracking statistics with -s. Press Ctrl+C to stop.

• Check UDP Connections Separately – TCP shows connection states; UDP is connectionless so shows only listening ports and recent endpoints. Use netstat -anu to see UDP-specific activity. Remember UDP doesn't have ESTABLISHED state.

• Investigate Foreign Addresses – Pay attention to "Foreign Address" column. Local addresses (192.168.x.x, 10.x.x.x, 172.16-31.x.x) are internal network. External IPs are internet connections. Use WHOIS lookup for suspicious IPs.

• Combine with Other Tools – Use netstat with complementary tools: after netstat identifies PID, use tasklist /v, Task Manager, or Process Explorer for details. After netstat shows listening port, use telnet localhost [port] to test if port is actually accessible.

• Save Baseline for Comparison – Capture baseline netstat output: netstat -ano > baseline.txt. After system changes or for troubleshooting, capture new output and compare. Identifies new connections or changed listening ports.

• Monitor for Unusual High-Numbered Ports – Malware often uses high-numbered ephemeral ports (49152-65535). While legitimate applications also use these, connections to external IPs on unusual ports warrant investigation, especially if program is unfamiliar.

• Check Both IPv4 and IPv6 – Modern systems have both protocols active. Some malware or misconfigurations only affect one protocol. Review both when performing security audits or troubleshooting connectivity.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Cannot Determine Executable (Access Denied)

Problem: netstat -b shows "Cannot obtain ownership information" or access denied errors.

Cause: Insufficient privileges to query process information.

Solution:

1. Close Command Prompt
2. Right-click Command Prompt → "Run as administrator"
3. Re-run netstat -b command
4. Alternatively, use netstat -o to get PID, then look up in Task Manager (no admin needed)

Prevention: Always run netstat -b in administrator command prompt; use -o for non-admin scenarios.

Too Much Output to Read

Problem: Netstat output scrolls past screen; can't review all connections.

Cause: Many connections and listening ports generate extensive output.

Solution:

1. Redirect to file: netstat -ano > connections.txt, open in text editor
2. Pipe to more: netstat -an | more (press space to continue, Q to quit)
3. Filter with findstr: netstat -ano | findstr :443 (port 443 only)
4. Use specific protocol: netstat -anp TCP (TCP only)

Prevention: Use filtering techniques; save to file for detailed analysis; focus on specific protocols or ports.

LISTENING Port But Cannot Connect

Problem: Netstat shows port in LISTENING state but external connections fail.

Cause: Firewall blocking inbound connections, application bound to localhost only (127.0.0.1), or network routing issues.

Solution:

1. Check local address: if shows 127.0.0.1:[port], only local connections allowed; should show 0.0.0.0:[port] for all interfaces
2. Test locally: telnet localhost [port] or Test-NetConnection localhost -Port [port] in PowerShell
3. Check firewall rules: Windows Firewall with Advanced Security → Inbound Rules
4. Verify application configuration for bind address

Prevention: Configure applications to bind to 0.0.0.0 (all interfaces) or specific external interface; create firewall rules for required ports.

High Number of TIME_WAIT Connections

Problem: Hundreds or thousands of connections in TIME_WAIT state.

Cause: Rapid connection cycling (web scraping, load testing, API calls in tight loop) exhausts ephemeral port pool faster than TIME_WAIT timeout (default 240 seconds).

Solution:

1. This is usually normal behavior for high-throughput applications
2. If problematic (port exhaustion), adjust application to reuse connections (HTTP keep-alive, connection pooling)
3. Advanced: Modify TcpTimedWaitDelay in registry (not recommended without expertise)

Prevention: Use connection pooling and keep-alive in applications; avoid creating new connection for each request.

Cannot Identify Process for System Connections (PID 4)

Problem: Many connections show PID 4 (System process); cannot determine actual responsible component.

Cause: Windows kernel components (HTTP.sys, driver-level networking) run as PID 4.

Solution:

1. For HTTP.sys (IIS, other web services): Check IIS configuration
2. Use Process Explorer (Sysinternals) with administrator rights for better insight into system-owned handles
3. Review services using port: netsh http show servicestate for HTTP.sys bindings

Prevention: Understand PID 4 represents kernel networking; investigate services and drivers using kernel networking components.

Netstat Shows Connection But Application Says Disconnected

Problem: Netstat shows ESTABLISHED connection but application reports disconnection or timeout.

Cause: TCP connection exists at network layer but application-layer protocol failed, half-open connection, or network latency causing application timeout.

Solution:

1. Application-level timeout may be shorter than TCP keepalive interval
2. Check application logs for specific error messages
3. Use Wireshark or tcpdump to verify data is actually flowing
4. Restart application to force connection reset

Prevention: Configure appropriate application timeouts; implement application-level keepalives; monitor for network latency issues.

Related Commands

tasklist – List Running Processes

After netstat identifies PID with -o switch, use tasklist to get full process information including name, memory usage, and session. Useful when not running as administrator (netstat -b requires admin).

Example: netstat -ano shows PID 1234, then tasklist /fi "pid eq 1234" shows process name and details.

telnet – Test TCP Port Connectivity

Netstat shows which ports are listening locally. Use telnet localhost [port] to verify port is actually accessible and accepting connections. Tests from client perspective rather than just querying network stack.

Example: Netstat shows port 80 LISTENING, telnet localhost 80 confirms port accepts connections.

TCPView (Sysinternals) – Real-Time Connection GUI

While netstat provides command-line snapshots, TCPView offers real-time GUI showing connections with auto-refresh, color-coding for new/closed connections, and process names without administrator privileges. Enhanced netstat visualization.

Example: TCPView shows same data as netstat -abo but with continuous updates and visual indicators.

netsh – Advanced Network Configuration

Netstat shows current state (connections, statistics). Netsh modifies network configuration (firewall rules, port forwarding, HTTP.sys bindings). Complementary tools: netstat for monitoring, netsh for configuration.

Example: Netstat shows port 80 listening; netsh advfirewall firewall add rule creates inbound firewall rule for that port.

Resource Monitor – System-Wide Resource Monitoring

Windows Resource Monitor (resmon) includes Network tab with visual representation of network activity similar to netstat but with real-time graphs, process-to-connection mapping, and integration with CPU/memory/disk monitoring.

Example: Resource Monitor → Network tab shows same connections as netstat -o but with bandwidth usage graphs per process.

PowerShell Get-NetTCPConnection – Modern Alternative

PowerShell's Get-NetTCPConnection provides similar functionality to netstat with object-based output, easier filtering, and integration with other PowerShell cmdlets. More powerful for scripting and automation.

Example: Get-NetTCPConnection -State Listen shows only listening ports; Get-NetTCPConnection | Where LocalPort -eq 80 filters to port 80.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does netstat command do?

Netstat displays active network connections, listening ports, routing tables, and network statistics. It shows which connections your computer has open, what processes own those connections, which ports are listening for incoming connections, and network protocol statistics. Essential for network troubleshooting and security monitoring.

How do I see all network connections in Windows?

Use netstat -an to display all TCP and UDP connections and listening ports with numeric addresses. For process information, use netstat -ano to include PID. For executable names (requires admin), use netstat -ab. Output shows protocol, local address/port, foreign address/port, connection state, and PID.

How do I find what process is using a specific port?

Run netstat -ano | findstr :[port] to filter output to specific port. Note the PID, then use tasklist /fi "pid eq [PID]" to get process name. Or open Task Manager → Details tab and find PID. As administrator, netstat -abo | findstr :[port] shows process name directly.

What does LISTENING state mean in netstat?

LISTENING means a port is open and waiting for incoming connections. The process has bound to that port and is ready to accept connection requests. Common for server applications (web servers, database servers, remote access services). LISTENING ports represent your attack surface from security perspective.

What is TIME_WAIT state in netstat?

TIME_WAIT is a normal TCP state after connection closes, lasting 30-240 seconds (default 240 on Windows). The connection waits for delayed packets before fully releasing the socket. Prevents new connections from receiving stale packets from old connections. Many TIME_WAIT states is normal for busy servers.

How do I check if a port is open with netstat?

Use netstat -an | findstr :[port] to search for specific port. If you see LISTENING state with 0.0.0.0:[port] or [::]:[port], port is open and listening for all interfaces. If shows 127.0.0.1:[port], only listening locally. No result means port is not open.

What is the difference between netstat and ipconfig?

Ipconfig displays network adapter configuration (IP addresses, DNS servers, gateways). Netstat displays network connections, listening ports, and routing tables. Ipconfig is for configuration layer (what are my settings?), netstat is for connection layer (what am I connected to?). Both are network diagnostic tools with different focuses.

Can I see which program is using a port without admin rights?

Use netstat -ano to get PID for each connection (no admin needed). Then look up PID in Task Manager → Details tab to see process name. For direct process name display with netstat -b, administrator privileges are required.

How do I monitor network connections continuously?

Add interval parameter: netstat -an 5 refreshes every 5 seconds. Press Ctrl+C to stop. For Ethernet statistics, use netstat -e 5. For protocol statistics, use netstat -s 5. Or use GUI tools like Resource Monitor or TCPView (Sysinternals) for real-time visual monitoring.

What does ESTABLISHED state mean?

ESTABLISHED means an active TCP connection is open and data can be exchanged in both directions. The three-way handshake completed successfully and the connection is fully operational. This is the normal state for active communications (web browsing, file transfers, database connections, etc.).

How do I export netstat results to a file?

Use output redirection: netstat -ano > connections.txt creates new file with output. Use >> to append: netstat -ano >> log.txt. Useful for documentation, troubleshooting, or comparing network state at different times.

Why are there so many connections to the same IP address?

Modern browsers and applications open multiple parallel connections to same server for performance (HTTP/1.1 parallel downloads, browser tabs). Each file (image, stylesheet, script) may use separate connection. This is normal behavior. HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 reduce this by multiplexing multiple requests over single connection.

Quick Reference Card

Command	Purpose	Use When
netstat -an	Show all connections (numeric)	Quick view of all network activity
netstat -ano	Show all connections with PID	Identify which process owns connection
netstat -ab	Show all with executable names	Security audit (requires admin)
netstat -an | findstr LISTENING	Show listening ports only	Security audit of open ports
netstat -ano | findstr :80	Find process using port 80	Troubleshoot port conflicts
netstat -r	Display routing table	Verify network routes and gateway
netstat -s	Show protocol statistics	Network performance diagnostics
netstat -e	Show Ethernet statistics	Monitor bandwidth usage
netstat -an 5	Refresh every 5 seconds	Continuous monitoring
netstat -p tcp	Show TCP only	Filter to specific protocol

Try Netstat Yourself

Ready to master network monitoring? Practice these commands in our interactive Windows Command Simulator where you can safely experiment with netstat and see realistic connection output.

Explore our complete Windows Commands reference for detailed syntax and options for netstat and 200+ other commands. For related network diagnostics topics, check out our guides on ipconfig, ping, nslookup, and tracert.

Summary

The netstat command is an essential network monitoring and diagnostic tool that provides visibility into your system's network state—active connections, listening ports, routing configuration, and protocol statistics. From basic connection viewing with netstat -an to security auditing with netstat -ab, process identification with netstat -o, and performance monitoring with netstat -s, this utility offers comprehensive network diagnostics.

Key concepts covered include interpreting connection states (LISTENING, ESTABLISHED, TIME_WAIT), mapping connections to processes using PID, identifying which ports are open and accessible, viewing routing tables, and monitoring network statistics for performance issues. Understanding these capabilities enables effective troubleshooting of application connectivity, security auditing for malware detection, and port conflict resolution.

Remember to run netstat with appropriate switches for your needs: -an for fast comprehensive view, -ano for process identification, -ab for executable names (requires admin), and -r for routing verification. Filter output with findstr to focus on specific ports, IPs, or connection states. Save results to files for documentation and comparison.

Common troubleshooting workflows use netstat to diagnose application failures (does connection exist in netstat?), identify port conflicts (what's using port X?), detect malware (unexpected connections or processes?), and verify routing (correct gateway and routes configured?). Combine netstat with complementary tools—tasklist for process details, telnet for port testing, Task Manager for visual process management, and PowerShell for advanced scripting.

Practice netstat regularly in various scenarios to build familiarity with normal vs abnormal connection patterns. Understand what connection states mean, recognize typical listening ports for common services, and develop systematic approaches to using netstat for security auditing and troubleshooting. Mastery of netstat significantly improves your network diagnostic capabilities and accelerates problem resolution.